Recently, strain-free nanostructures grown by droplet epitaxy have been proposed and demonstrated for photovoltaic applications On the other hand, several groups reported that strain-compensated QDs can be used to increase the number of QD layers and thus the overall absorption volume have demonstrated that QDs with built-in charge can suppress the fast recombination and thus prompt electron intersubband transitions in QDs However, the intermediate band impact on the cell performance is still marginal, mainly due to the high recombination rate in strongly confined QDs and low absorption volume of QDs. The discrete energy levels of electrons in the QDs form energy bands which can serve as intermediate bands. Among these approaches, most of the current studies on IBSCs have been focused on QDs, and prototype QDIBSCs have been demonstrated Several approaches have been taken to achieve IBSCs, such as quantum dots (QDs) and impurity bands Luque and Martí have theoretically predicted that a single-junction solar cell with an intermediate band can be used to assist multiple spectral band absorption and to obtain ultrahigh efficiency up to 63% Since the proposal of intermediate band concept for high-efficiency solar cell, great efforts have been devoted to intermediate band solar cells (IBSCs).
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